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Michael Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer who spent over forty two years in the public eye, first as a child star with the Jackson 5, and later as a solo artist, during which time he went through various image changes. Starting in the mid-1980s it became clear that Jackson's appearance was changing dramatically. The shape of his face, particularly his nose, triggered widespread speculation of extensive cosmetic surgery.〔Taraborrelli, pp. 434–436〕 His skin tone also changed, becoming much lighter. Although Jackson was diagnosed with the skin disorder vitiligo, it was also widely speculated that the change was due to skin bleaching.〔 Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and psychologically abused by their father. In 2003, his father admitted to whipping them as children.〔() BBC News, June 27, 2009.〕 The experience deeply traumatized Jackson and may have led to the onset of further health issues later in his life. Physicians speculated that he had body dysmorphic disorder.〔Posner, Gerald. (Deepak Chopra: How Michael Jackson Could Have Been Saved ), ''The Daily Beast'', July 2, 2009.〕 At some point during the 1990s, it appeared that Jackson had become dependent on prescription drugs, mainly painkillers and strong sedatives. The drug use was later linked to second and third degree burns he had suffered years before. As more and more difficulty emerged in his life he gradually became dependent on these drugs and his health deteriorated. He went into rehabilitation in 1993 with the help of Elizabeth Taylor and Elton John.〔 While preparing for a series of comeback concerts scheduled to begin in July 2009, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication after suffering cardiac arrest on June 25, 2009. His personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in his death and sentenced to four years in prison. ==Skin color== Jackson's skin was a medium-brown color throughout his youth but starting in the mid 1980s, his skin gradually grew more pale through what was widely considered to be skin bleaching and changing of his features to appear European. According to Jackson biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli, Jackson began making his nose smaller around the same time his skin became gradually lighter, and he was using the over-the-counter skin-bleaching cream called Porcelana to achieve the lighter skin. Taraborrelli reported that Jackson's sister La Toya used Porcelana too, and that they had crates of this cream stored at their family home Hayvenhurst, "hoarding it as the most valuable beauty product ever produced."〔MICHAEL JACKSON: The Magic, the Madness, the Whole Story, 1958-2009 by J. Randy Taraborrelli, pg 351〕 Jackson's physical changes gained widespread media coverage,〔 and provoked criticism from the public. African American psychologists argued Jackson was "a lousy role model for black youth". Dr. Dennis Chestnut said Jackson gave "black youth a feeling that they can achieve", but also ''may encourage some people to think they've got to be esoteric and idiosyncratic'' to be successful. It was also presumed that Jackson bleached his skin just to boost his career. Dr. Halford Fairchild stated Jackson and other African American celebrities would try "to look more like white people in order to get in films and on television".〔Hodges, Sam. (), ''Orlando Sentinel'', September 24, 1987. Retrieved February 4, 2014〕 According to Taraborrelli, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo, which Tarraborrelli noted was sometimes considered by doctors to be a consequence of damage done by bleaching chemicals over the years.〔 However, skin bleaching is not the only suspected cause of vitiligo, which is a rare non-contagious disease. The causes are not known, but a range of genetic, auto-immune, and environmental causes are suspected. Between 1% and 2% of the worldwide population are considered to be affected. The depigmentation occurs in patches and affects all ethnic/racial groups equally.〔http://pearlgrimesmd.com/pigmentation-disorders〕 While the disorder cannot be cured, the progression of the patches can be stopped.〔http://www.avrf.org/facts/facts.htm〕 New York plastic surgeon Dr. Pamela Lipkin, who has never treated Jackson or reviewed his medical records, said, "when you look at the other features, the skin bleaching sort of goes along with what I think was his quest for beauty, so I have to wonder what came first? Vitiligo or lighter skin?" Noting that Jackson had even skin tone when he was younger, Lipkin's interpretation was that "probably he's trying to look Caucasian: His skin is whiter. His nose is getting thinner every six months. His lips are getting thinner. His eyebrows are getting higher. His eyes are getting wider every time. His cheekbones are getting bigger." When producer Quincy Jones who worked closely with Jackson at the time Jackson's skin transformation began, was asked about Jackson's facial transformation he stated: "It's ridiculous, man! Chemical peels and all of it. And I don't understand it. But he obviously didn't want to be black...You see his kids?" According to the affidavit of Sergeant Deborah Linden found by ''Vanity Fair'' reporter Maureen Orth in the Santa Maria courthouse complex, Jackson told his maid Blanca Francia "that he bleaches his skin because he does not like being black and he feels that blacks are not liked as much as people of other races." Orth was also informed that Jackson referred to blacks using unique names like "spabooks." However, Jackson wrote a letter to photographer William Pecchi Jr. in 1988 which reads: "Maybe I look at the world through rose colored glasses but I love people all over the world. That is why stories of racism really disturb me. () Because in truth I believe ALL men are created equal, I was taught that and will always believe it. I just can’t conceive of how a person could hate another because of skin color. I love every race on the planet earth. Prejudice is the child of ignorance. Naked we come into the world and naked we shall go out. And a very good thing too, for it reminds me that I am naked under my shirt, whatever its color."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Michael Jackson handwritten letter regarding "Moonwalker" )〕 In 1993, Jackson told Oprah Winfrey "there, as I know of, there is no such thing as skin bleaching. I've never seen it, I don't know what it is." It was in this interview that Jackson stated he had a skin disorder (vitiligo) and also stated that the disorder was hereditary, rather than something he caused, though he also said he used make-up to even out the uneven skin tone. "It is something I cannot help," explained Jackson. "When people make up stories that I don't want to be who I am, it hurts me. It's a problem for me. I can't control it. But what about all the millions of people who sit in the sun to become darker, to become other than what they are. Nobody says nothing about that."〔http://www.oprah.com/entertainment/Oprah-Reflects-on-Her-Interview-with-Michael-Jackson/3〕 Jackson had also publicly stated that he was proud to be black.〔http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-what-went-wrong-20090730〕 Winfrey's interview of Jackson was watched by 62 million Americans.〔 〕 It also started a public discourse on the topic of vitiligo, a relatively unknown condition before then.〔Campbell (1995), pp. 14–16〕〔Lewis pp. 165–168〕〔George, pp. 45–46〕〔('I'm a black man turning white on television'" ), ''BrisbaneTimes'', December 18, 2007〕 Taraborrelli also stated that Jackson was diagnosed with lupus, that the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission, and both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight, which could have caused his lupus condition to recur.〔 Jackson's autopsy did not confirm or refute the claim that he had lupus, but it confirmed that he had vitiligo.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Autopsy Report for Michael Jackson )〕 His skin was found to have a reduced (though not absent) melanocytes, the cells active in skin pigmentation. To treat these conditions, Jackson used Solaquin, Tretinoin, and Benoquin.〔 On June 29, 2009, multiple tubes of Benoquin and hydroquinone were found in Jackson's home. Both creams are commonly used to treat vitiligo; Dr. David Sawcer said some patients with vitiligo get to the point where it makes more sense to remove the brown bits because so much of the skin is pale.〔Anthony McCartney,〕 On the other hand, getting depigmented skin to darken is extremely difficult.〔Rebecca Howard, Gadsden Times,Michael Jackson's skin condition destroys pigment, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19930215&id=Xr4fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RtgEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1295,1897473,February 15, 1993〕 Depigmentation causes a permanent and extreme sensitivity to the sun.〔http://www.avrf.org/treatments/medical.htm〕 Vitiligo patients are at risk to contract melanoma. An annual cancer check-up is recommended.〔http://www.avrf.org/facts/sun.htm〕 Jackson also had hydroxychloroquine injected directly into his scalp regularly.〔 Another common way of treating vitiligo is using makeup to camouflage depigmented skin.〔 The treatments Jackson used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and with the application of pancake makeup to even out his skin tone, he could appear very pale.〔 For example, Stevie Nicks recalled, in a ''Rolling Stone'' interview: "I remember before (performed at Bill Clinton's 1993 inauguration ), Michael sent somebody to find out if I had any foundation make-up he could borrow. I was using some light Chanel foundation at that time, and Michael sent back a note to say, thanks, but the foundation wasn't quite light enough for him." Jackson also covered his skin disorder with clothing wearing long sleeves and long pants. In the music video for "Remember the Time", all dancers and actors except for Jackson are lightly dressed following the example set by ancient Egyptians.〔name="Bush">Bush, Michael. ''The King Of Style''. Insight Editions, 2012, p. 146.〕 Jackson usually didn't wear patterned clothing in order to avoid attention to the disorder.〔name="Bush", p. 40.〕 Vitiligo occurs in three different patterns. Segmental depigmentation means only one side of the body is affected, generalized depigmentation means many parts of the body are affected.〔http://www.avrf.org/facts/signs.htm〕 Jackson's autopsy report states a "focal depigmentation of the skin"〔Michael Jackson Autopsy Report, p. 4, http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/michael-jackson-autopsy-report?page=0〕 (i.e., the depigmentation occurs on one or a few areas of the body).〔 In Jackson's case, there were 5 affected areas.〔 In 1996, during the Australian leg of the HIStory World Tour, Jackson married his dermatologist's nurse, Debbie Rowe.〔Taraborrelli, pp. 580–581〕〔Taraborrelli, p. 597〕 The pair first met in the mid-1980s, when Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo. She spent many years treating his illness as well as providing emotional support, and they built a strong friendship before their marriage.〔Taraborrelli, p. 570〕 The couple divorced in 1999 and remained friends thereafter.〔Taraborrelli, pp. 599–600〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Michael Jackson's health and appearance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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